Cutting Edge: Immunosuppressant as Adjuvant for Tolerogenic Immunization

Adjuvant for Tolerogenic Immunization Cutting Edge: Immunosuppressant as

Tolerogenic APC Induce CD8 Cutting Edge: In Vitro-Generated

Cutting edge: C3d functions as a molecular adjuvant in the absence of CD21/35 expression.

Complement component C3 covalently attaches to Ags following activation, where the C3d cleavage fragment can function as a molecular adjuvant to augment humoral immune responses. C3d is proposed to exert its adjuvant-like activities by targeting Ags to the C3d receptor (CD21/35) expressed by B cells and follicular dendritic cells. To directly assess the importance of CD21/35 in mediating the im...

Microflora Composition Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B

The Cutting Edge

“The bigger they are, the harder they fall” is a bit of wisdom that’s been around for a long time. But when it comes to pesticide application, the line should read, “The bigger they are, the closer they fall.” Large droplets are not as likely to drift off-target as smaller droplets. This basic principle lies behind many innovations to reduce drift when spraying herbicides. Nozzle manufacturers ...